What Exactly Is It A Trojan Horse?

We have all heard the term Trojan Horse, but what exactly is it? A Trojan Horse is a destructive program that masquerades as a harmless application. Unlike viruses, Trojan Horses do not replicate themselves, but they can be just as destructive. One of the most dangerous examples of a Trojan is a program that promises to rid your computer of viruses but instead introduces viruses into your computer.

The Trojan can be tricky. Who hasn’t been online and had an advertisement pop up claiming to be able to rid your computer of some nasty virus? Or, even more frightening, you receive an email that claims to be alerting you to a new virus that can threaten your computer. The sender promises to quickly eradicate, or protect, your computer from viruses if you simply download their “free”, attached software into your computer. You may be skeptical but the software looks legitimate and the company sounds reputable. You proceed to take them up on their offer and download the software. In doing so, you have just potentially exposed yourself to a massive headache and your computer to a laundry list of ailments.

When a Trojan is activated, numerous things can happen. Some Trojans are more annoying than malicious. Some of the less annoying Trojans may choose to change your desktop settings or add silly desktop icons. The more serious Trojans can erase or overwrite data on your computer, corrupt files, spread other malware such as viruses, spy on the user of a computer and secretly report data like browsing habits to other people, log keystrokes to steal information such as passwords and credit card numbers, phish for bank account details (which can be used for criminal activities), and even install a backdoor into your computer system so that they can come and go as they please.

To increase your odds of not encountering a Trojan, follow these guidelines.

1. Remain diligent. But trojans can infect your computer through rogue websites, instant messaging, and emails with attachments. Do not download anything into your computer unless you are 100 percent sure of its sender or source.
2. Ensure that your operating system is always up-to-date. If you are running a Microsoft Windows operating system, this is essential.
3. Install reliable anti-virus software. It is also important that you download any updates frequently to catch all new Trojan Horses, viruses, and worms. Be sure that the anti-virus program that you choose can also scan e-mails and files downloaded through the internet.
4. Consider installing a firewall. A firewall is a system that prevents unauthorized use and access to your computer. A firewall is not going to eliminate your computer virus problems, but when used in conjunction with regular operating system updates and reliable anti-virus software, it can provide additional security and protection for your computer.

Nothing can guarantee the security of your computer 100 percent. However, you can continue to improve your computer's security and decrease the possibility of infection by consistently following these guidelines.

8K7FTAS3MPAV
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Image Editing Basics

Is relevant for image processing computer "should adequately lot" of memory (RAM) and large and fast hard drives based on the present and the installed programs. High resolution images require much memory. The faster the processor (CPU), the better. Recommendations quickly become obsolete, I reject this. Journals, the Web and newsgroups are well suited. First, I research in the subscribed computer magazines, then I scan the newsgroups using Google Groups, and finally the Web. There I find the cheapest provider in my wish-computer components (case, power supply, motherboard, processor, RAM, video card, hard disk, ...). the dealer is not significantly more expensive on-site, I'll assemble my request from this computer, otherwise I settle das.

It should be installed a DVD burner. Then the image files are saved (backup). I back up my data daily on a large external hard drive and backup to all 4-gigabyte gains on two DVD-Rs. In future, there will be other external storage media as DVDs (Blu-ray?), The reason for the multiple backup remains the same: redundant data on different solid media, stored at different locations, which are used in the event of loss to ensure the function.

Screen (Monitor)

I prefer LCD screens that are good for photo editing and I can connect the digital output of the graphics card. They need less space, no flicker, and I believe that my eyes get tired so late.

Printer

Despite favorable Exposure Services, a separate photo printer makes sense (so to provide print services inkjet printing, known as Fine Art Prints) alone because of the fun to hold fast their pictures in his hand.

Usually this will be on a specialized inkjet photos. Ink is (unfortunately) expensive, I would be surprised it if many more than the basic price. I buy light-resistant inks and select only photo printers that can use such. Even after years of my pictures on the wall are not bleached visible. To be the most durable pigmented inks.

Other hardware

Lack experience, I can only pass on hearsay: A graphics tablet with pen should be better than a mouse in many cases.

Spectrophotometer or colorimeter for creating ICC color profiles really a must-see below.

External Card Reader (USB) for the digital camera memory cards are inexpensive, usually faster than the camera and its spare battery.

A second screen makes it easier to work. To him, the tool dialogs to move, so the main screen only displays the image to be processed.

Environment

Suitable is an environment with constant lighting (even standard soft light with 5500 ° Kelvin) and mid-walls, as it were, a modern photo lab. At least, no bright light falling on the screen or in the eye. Places to windows are unfavorable.

Color Management

Without color management can be frustrating to work: The images on the monitor still nice to see quite different to the pressure and in spite of the proof of the option to change anything concerning color and brightness "optimize".

Just copy editing

Images from the digital camera or the scanner should not be edited, but only copies of it. One could bear to read the original files with the file attribute only.


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Recover a Corrupted System File

If an essential Windows file gets whacked by a virus or otherwise corrupted, restore it from the Windows CD. Search the CD for the filename, replacing the last character with an underscore; for example, Notepad.ex_. If it's found, open a command prompt and enter the command EXPAND, followed by the full pathname of the file and of the desired destination: EXPAND D:\SETUP\NOTEPAD.EX_ C:\Windows\NOTEPAD.EXE. If either pathname contains any spaces, surround it with double quotes.

If the file isn't found, search on the unmodified filename. It will probably be inside a CAB file, which Win XP treats as a folder. Simply right-drag and copy the file to the desired location. In other Windows platforms, search for a file matching *.cab that contains the filename. When the search is done, open a command prompt and enter EXTRACT /L followed by the desired location, the full pathname of the CAB file, and the desired filename; for example: EXTRACT /L C:\Windows D:\I386\Driver.cab Notepad.exe. Again, if the destination or CAB file pathname contains spaces, surround it with double quotes.


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Delete Files From The Recent File List In Windows

For Deleting Files From The Recent File List In Windows requires a change to the Windows Registry. Please see the MSFN Guide "Backup Your Registry" if you are new to the Windows Registry.

Windows Media Player (WMP) is a built-in application that allows you to play multimedia files. Like many other applications, WMP remembers the most recently played files and displays them in the Recent File List under the File menu. This feature is useful if you regularly play certain files, but you may want to clear the list if you share the computer and a user account or create archives and CDs.


There are two ways you can clear the list:

I. The ClearMRU.exe Utility is available for free in the Windows Media Player Bonus Pack from Microsoft, but Microsoft does not support this tool.

II. You can also manually delete the list through the Windows Registry:

1. Start the Windows Registry Editor, regedit.exe, by typing regedit in the Windows Run Command Line.

2. Go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\MediaPlayer\Player\RecentFileList.

3. Delete the RecentFileList subkey.

4. If you've also streamed content from the Internet, you can delete the RecentURLList subkey.

5. Exit the Registry Editor.

6. Restart the computer.

To keep certain files in the list, don't delete the entire key. Deleting individual entries within the key will get rid of the files that you no longer want in the Recent File List.


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Simple Tips to Hide Your Personal Data

There are simple tips to hide your personal data is a way to hide folders.

The first step you need to do is create a new folder somewhere on your hard drive.

when you name it hold down "Alt" and press "0160" this will create and invisible space so it will apper as if it has no name.

Then right click in and select "Properties" select the tab "coustimize" and select "change icon" scroll along and you should a few blank spaces click on any one and click ok.

When you have saved the settings the folder will be invisible to hide all your personal files.



The second way Keep Files Private

If you want to encrypt the contents of an individual file or directory, Windows XP Pro will do the trick, provided you enable NTFS on your hard drive. To encrypt a file, right-click on it to bring up the Properties window. Click on the Advanced button, then in the Advanced Attributes dialog box click on Encrypt contents to secure data.

This will encrypt the file (using either DES, which employs a 56-bit key on each 64-bit block of data, or 3DES, which uses a 56-bit key three times on each 64-bit block of data), and it will provide a certificate just for you. This certificate is key; if you reinstall Windows or otherwise lose your user account, your access to the encrypted files will be gone, too. You need to export your certificates to back them up: For detailed instructions, search on export certificate in Windows Help.

Windows XP does not require you to enter your password when you open the encrypted file. Once you log on to a session, encrypted files are available for you—and anyone who walks up to your system—to view.

Windows XP Home doesn't support this method. Both XP Home and XP Pro, however, let you create password-protected compressed files. To do this, right-click on the desired file and choose Send To | Compressed (zipped) Folder. Open the resulting folder and select Add a Password from the File menu; delete the original file. Note that this encryption is relatively weak. It should dissuade casual users but won't put up much of a fight against someone determined to hack it apart.


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What is the Registry?

Associated with computers, we often hear fill in the registry. Maybe there are still some who still wonder exactly what the registry does it?

The Registry is a database used to store settings and options for the 32 bit versions of Microsoft Windows including Windows 95, 98, ME and NT/2000. It contains information and settings for all the hardware, software, users, and preferences of the PC. Whenever a user makes changes to a Control Panel settings, or File Associations, System Policies, or installed software, the changes are reflected and stored in the Registry.

The physical files that make up the registry are stored differently depending on your version of Windows; under Windows 95 & 98 it is contained in two hidden files in your Windows directory, called USER.DAT and SYSTEM.DAT, for Windows Me there is an additional CLASSES.DAT file, while under Windows NT/2000 the files are contained seperately in the %SystemRoot%\System32\Config directory. You can not edit these files directly, you must use a tool commonly known as a "Registry Editor" to make any changes (using registry editors will be discussed later in the article).

The Structure of The Registry

The Registry has a hierarchal structure, although it looks complicated the structure is similar to the directory structure on your hard disk, with Regedit being similar to Windows Explorer.

Each main branch (denoted by a folder icon in the Registry Editor, see left) is called a Hive, and Hives contains Keys. Each key can contain other keys (sometimes referred to as sub-keys), as well as Values. The values contain the actual information stored in the Registry. There are three types of values; String, Binary, and DWORD - the use of these depends upon the context.

There are six main branches, each containing a specific portion of the information stored in the Registry. They are as follows:

* HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT - This branch contains all of your file association mappings to support the drag-and-drop feature, OLE information, Windows shortcuts, and core aspects of the Windows user interface.
* HKEY_CURRENT_USER - This branch links to the section of HKEY_USERS appropriate for the user currently logged onto the PC and contains information such as logon names, desktop settings, and Start menu settings.
* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE - This branch contains computer specific information about the type of hardware, software, and other preferences on a given PC, this information is used for all users who log onto this computer.
* HKEY_USERS - This branch contains individual preferences for each user of the computer, each user is represented by a SID sub-key located under the main branch.
* HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG - This branch links to the section of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE appropriate for the current hardware configuration.
* HKEY_DYN_DATA - This branch points to the part of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, for use with the Plug-&-Play features of Windows, this section is dymanic and will change as devices are added and removed from the system.

Each registry value is stored as one of five main data types:

* REG_BINARY - This type stores the value as raw binary data. Most hardware component information is stored as binary data, and can be displayed in an editor in hexadecimal format.
* REG_DWORD - This type represents the data by a four byte number and is commonly used for boolean values, such as "0" is disabled and "1" is enabled. Additionally many parameters for device driver and services are this type, and can be displayed in REGEDT32 in binary, hexadecimal and decimal format, or in REGEDIT in hexadecimal and decimal format.
* REG_EXPAND_SZ - This type is an expandable data string that is string containing a variable to be replaced when called by an application. For example, for the following value, the string "%SystemRoot%" will replaced by the actual location of the directory containing the Windows NT system files. (This type is only available using an advanced registry editor such as REGEDT32)
* REG_MULTI_SZ - This type is a multiple string used to represent values that contain lists or multiple values, each entry is separated by a NULL character. (This type is only available using an advanced registry editor such as REGEDT32)
* REG_SZ - This type is a standard string, used to represent human readable text values.

Other data types not available through the standard registry editors include:

* REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN - A 32-bit number in little-endian format.
* REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN - A 32-bit number in big-endian format.
* REG_LINK - A Unicode symbolic link. Used internally; applications should not use this type.
* REG_NONE - No defined value type.
* REG_QWORD - A 64-bit number.
* REG_QWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN - A 64-bit number in little-endian format.
* REG_RESOURCE_LIST - A device-driver resource list.

Editing The Registry

The Registry Editor (REGEDIT.EXE) is included with most version of Windows (although you won't find it on the Start Menu) it enables you to view, search and edit the data within the Registry. There are several methods for starting the Registry Editor, the simplest is to click on the Start button, then select Run, and in the Open box type "regedit", and if the Registry Editor is installed it should now open and look like the image below.

An alternative Registry Editor (REGEDT32.EXE) is available for use with Windows NT/2000, it includes some additional features not found in the standard version, including; the ability to view and modify security permissions, and being able to create and modify the extended string values REG_EXPAND_SZ & REG_MULTI_SZ.

Create a Shortcut to Regedit
This can be done by simply right-clicking on a blank area of your desktop, selecting New, then Shortcut, then in the Command line box enter "regedit.exe" and click Next, enter a friendly name (e.g. 'Registry Editor') then click Finish and now you can double click on the new icon to launch the Registry Editor.

Using Regedit to modify your Registry
Once you have started the Regedit you will notice that on the left side there is a tree with folders, and on the right the contents (values) of the currently selected folder.

Like Windows explorer, to expand a certain branch (see the structure of the registry section), click on the plus sign [+] to the left of any folder, or just double-click on the folder. To display the contents of a key (folder), just click the desired key, and look at the values listed on the right side. You can add a new key or value by selecting New from the Edit menu, or by right-clicking your mouse. And you can rename any value and almost any key with the same method used to rename files; right-click on an object and click rename, or click on it twice (slowly), or just press F2 on the keyboard. Lastly, you can delete a key or value by clicking on it, and pressing Delete on the keyboard, or by right-clicking on it, and choosing Delete.

Note: it is always a good idea to backup your registry before making any changes to it. It can be intimidating to a new user, and there is always the possibility of changing or deleting a critical setting causing you to have to reinstall the whole operating system. It's much better to be safe than sorry!

Importing and Exporting Registry Settings

A great feature of the Registry Editor is it's ability to import and export registry settings to a text file, this text file, identified by the .REG extension, can then be saved or shared with other people to easily modify local registry settings. You can see the layout of these text files by simply exporting a key to a file and opening it in Notepad, to do this using the Registry Editor select a key, then from the "Registry" menu choose "Export Registry File...", choose a filename and save. If you open this file in notepad you will see a file similar to the example below:

Quote:

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]
"SetupType"=dword:00000000
"CmdLine"="setup -newsetup"
"SystemPrefix"=hex:c5,0b,00,00,00,40,36,02


The layout is quite simple, REGEDIT4 indicated the file type and version, [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup] indicated the key the values are from, "SetupType"=dword:00000000 are the values themselves the portion after the "=" will vary depending on the type of value they are; DWORD, String or Binary.

So by simply editing this file to make the changes you want, it can then be easily distributed and all that need to be done is to double-click, or choose "Import" from the Registry menu, for the settings to be added to the system Registry.

Deleting keys or values using a REG file
It is also possible to delete keys and values using REG files. To delete a key start by using the same format as the the REG file above, but place a "-" symbol in front of the key name you want to delete. For example to delete the [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup] key the reg file would look like this:

Quote:

REGEDIT4

[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]


The format used to delete individual values is similar, but instead of a minus sign in front of the whole key, place it after the equal sign of the value. For example, to delete the value "SetupType" the file would look like:

Quote:

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]
"SetupType"=-

Use this feature with care, as deleting the wrong key or value could cause major problems within the registry, so remember to always make a backup first.

Regedit Command Line Options
Regedit has a number of command line options to help automate it's use in either batch files or from the command prompt. Listed below are some of the options, please note the some of the functions are operating system specific.

* regedit.exe [options] [filename] [regpath]
* [filename] Import .reg file into the registry
* /s [filename] Silent import, i.e. hide confirmation box when importing files
* /e [filename] [regpath] Export the registry to [filename] starting at [regpath]
e.g. regedit /e file.reg HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT
* /L:system Specify the location of the system.dat to use
* /R:user Specify the location of the user.dat to use
* /C [filename] Compress (Windows 98)
* /D [regpath] Delete the specified key (Windows 98)

Maintaining the Registry

How can you backup and restore the Registry?

Windows 95
Microsoft included a utility on the Windows 95 CD-ROM that lets you create backups of the Registry on your computer. The Microsoft Configuration Backup program, CFGBACK.EXE, can be found in the \Other\Misc\Cfgback directory on the Windows 95 CD-ROM. This utility lets you create up to nine different backup copies of the Registry, which it stores, with the extension RBK, in your \Windows directory. If your system is set up for multiple users, CFGBACK.EXE won't back up the USER.DAT file.

After you have backed up your Registry, you can copy the RBK file onto a floppy disk for safekeeping. However, to restore from a backup, the RBK file must reside in the \Windows directory. Windows 95 stores the backups in compressed form, which you can then restore only by using the CFGBACK.EXE utility.

Windows 98
Microsoft Windows 98 automatically creates a backup copy of the registry every time Windows starts, in addition to this you can manually create a backup using the Registry Checker utility by running SCANREGW.EXE from Start | Run menu.

What to do if you get a Corrupted Registry
Windows 95, 98 and NT all have a simple registry backup mechanism that is quite reliable, although you should never simply rely on it, remember to always make a backup first!

Windows 95
In the Windows directory there are several hidden files, four of these will be SYSTEM.DAT & USER.DAT, your current registry, and SYSTEM.DA0 & USER.DA0, a backup of your registry. Windows 9x has a nice reature in that every time it appears to start successfully it will copy the registry over these backup files, so just in case something goes wrong can can restore it to a known good state. To restore the registry follow these instruction:
[list=1]
* Click the Start button, and then click Shut Down.

* Click Restart The Computer In MS-DOS Mode, then click Yes.

* Change to your Windows directory. For example, if your Windows directory is c:\windows, you would type the following:

cd c:\windows

* Type the following commands, pressing ENTER after each one. (Note that SYSTEM.DA0 and USER.DA0 contain the number zero.)

attrib -h -r -s system.dat
attrib -h -r -s system.da0
copy system.da0 system.dat
attrib -h -r -s user.dat
attrib -h -r -s user.da0
copy user.da0 user.dat

* Restart your computer.

Following this procedure will restore your registry to its state when you last successfully started your computer.

If all else fails, there is a file on your hard disk named SYSTEM.1ST that was created when Windows 95 was first successfully installed. If necessary you could also change the file attributes of this file from read-only and hidden to archive to copy the file to C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.DAT.

Windows NT
On Windows NT you can use either the "Last Known Good" option or RDISK to restore to registry to a stable working configuration.

How can I clean out old data from the Registry?
Although it's possible to manually go through the Registry and delete unwanted entries, Microsoft provides a tool to automate the process, the program is called RegClean. RegClean analyzes Windows Registry keys stored in a common location in the Windows Registry. It finds keys that contain erroneous values, it removes them from the Windows Registry after having recording those entries in the Undo.Reg file.


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How to Delete An "undeletable" File

To delete an "undeletable" File, the steps that must be done is as follows

Open a Command Prompt window and leave it open.
Close all open programs.
Click Start, Run and enter TASKMGR.EXE
Go to the Processes tab and End Process on Explorer.exe.
Leave Task Manager open.

Go back to the Command Prompt window and change to the directory the AVI (or other undeletable file) is located in.
At the command prompt type DEL where is the file you wish to delete.
Go back to Task Manager, click File, New Task and enter EXPLORER.EXE to restart the GUI shell.
Close Task Manager.

Or you can try this

Open Notepad.exe

Click File>Save As..>

locate the folder where ur undeletable file is

Choose 'All files' from the file type box

click once on the file u wanna delete so its name appears in the 'filename' box

put a " at the start and end of the filename
(the filename should have the extension of the undeletable file so it will overwrite it)

click save,

It should ask u to overwrite the existing file, choose yes and u can delete it as normal

Here's a manual way of doing it. I'll take this off once you put into your first post zain.

1. Start
2. Run
3. Type: command
4. To move into a directory type: cd c:\*** (The stars stand for your folder)
5. If you cannot access the folder because it has spaces for example Program Files or Kazaa Lite folder you have to do the following. instead of typing in the full folder name only take the first 6 letters then put a ~ and then 1 without spaces. Example: cd c:\progra~1\kazaal~1
6. Once your in the folder the non-deletable file it in type in dir - a list will come up with everything inside.
7. Now to delete the file type in del ***.bmp, txt, jpg, avi, etc... And if the file name has spaces you would use the special 1st 6 letters followed by a ~ and a 1 rule. Example: if your file name was bad file.bmp you would type once in the specific folder thorugh command, del badfil~1.bmp and your file should be gone. Make sure to type in the correct extension.


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Recover a Quick erased CD RW

Sometimes we still need data stored on a CD RW, but the data has been erased. Here I will describe a little settlement about it.
Several steps used to recover data from a quick-erased CD-RW disc :

1. Make a file of exactly the size of the cdrw disc's capacity (650MB in my case).
(this step may not be needed)

2. With Nero I created a new project and added the file to it so that I have the disc filled. I gues you can also fill up the disc with other files.
The reason why I fill the disc is because I want Nero to make a session that uses the entire disc. Like I wrote earlier in this thread I experienced that my CD-Drive refuses to read off the disc beyond the session's boundaries. When you quick-erase a disc there is no session anymore so the drive will not read at all. Burning a new session will overwrite the data and burning only a small session will NOT make the drive read the other data that is still on the disc.
The reason why I used the one big file is so that I could later on recognize which part of the disc was overwritten by this file because this file contained all zeros (0x00).

3. I pressed burn and selected disc-at-once. Then while Nero was burning the leadin I pressed cancel. My CD-Drive finished writing the lead-in and Nero reported an error.
This is what was accomplished however: Now the disc contains a session that says that the used disc size is the complete disc. Nero did not get to writing file because I cancelled it. Good thing because I don't want Nero to write any files because my old data will get overwritten!
I gues it works the same with different writing software. Another method that I used during a test was simply press the reset button of the computer when the burning software was done with writing the lead-in and started with the files.

4. I had to restart the computer after cancelling burning.
With the cdrw disc inserted I saw in "my computer" that windows recognized that the disc was 650MB, clicking on it gave an error. Good so far!

Now with IsoBuster you can extract the sectors from a disc to a file. This is what I did.
I gues that if you have data-recovery software at this point it will be usefull because now (if all went well;)) the CD-Drive WILL read data from the entire disc. Anyway, I used ISO-Buster because the files that I needed to recover where a bit odd for nowadays (.XM, .S3M, .MP3):
In IsoBuster I had to do several steps:

Step 1: Find out from and to which sector the drive will read
By choosing "Sector View" you can look at any given sector.
Here I found out what the first and the last sectors where that are readable. (Hint I used the method for the old game: "Gues a number below 100, I'll tell if it is higher or lower than what you gues")
Step 2: Extract the actual sectors
By choosing "Extract From-To" you can extract any given range of sectors to a file. My disc was a data-disc so I choose the first extraction type "User data, 2048 bytes/block...".

In the end I got a .tao file which was about 650MB. I ran several programs on it to look for files inside a file by searching for file-header-paterns:
1. Multi Ripper 2.80 (for DOS, for the .XM files. It does many other file formats as well (jpg,png, bmp,wav,etc,etc +100). Try google with this query: Multi Ripper 2.80. I still had the file from good old days but I saw several good search results)

2. Winamp for mp3.
Winamp will scan any file when you give it the extension .mp3 and play it as one big song (so I renamed the .tao file to .mp3). I used the discwriter to get a .wav and the Adobe Audition to manually cut and save my songs. I looked at the MP3 file format and it is hard to find an mp3 file in a big file because it has no clear header just a bunch of mpeg-frames in most cases for me . A lot of my files had no ID3v2 or ID3v1 tags... But after a couple of hours I recovered everything.

Finally a list of used stuff:

Software:
- IsoBuster v1.5
- Nero 6.3.0.3
- Multi Ripper 2.80
- WinAmp v5.02
- Windows XP Pro NL (patched up)

Hardware:
- NEC DVDRW ND1300A 1.06

Disc:
- some old 4 speed cdrw

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Pc File Extention Listing

This chart is a list of the most commonly found extensions, what type of file they are and what program if any they are associated with. I happened to post about this may be useful for those of you who need.

• .$$$ Temporary file
• .$$A OS/2 program file
• .$$F OS/2 database file
• .$$S OS/2 spreadsheet file
• .$D$ OS/2 planner file
• .$DB DBASE IV temporary file
• .$ED Microsoft C temporary editor file.
• .$VM Microsoft Windows temporary file for virtual managers.
• ._DD Norton disk doctor recovery file.
• ._DM Nuts n Bolts disk minder recovery file.
• .--- File used to backup sys, ini, dat, and other important files from Windows 3.1 and above.
• .075 Ventura Publisher 75x75 dpi screen characters
• .085 Ventura Publisher 85x85 dpi screen characters
• .091 Ventura Publisher 91x91 dpi screen characters
• .096 Ventura Publisher 96x96 dpi screen characters
• .0B Pagemaker printer font LineDraw enhanced characters.
• .1ST File used by some software manufacturers to represent a file that should be read first before starting the program.
• .2GR File used in Windows 3.x to display the graphics on older 286 and 386 computers.
• .386 Virtual machine support files for the 386 enhanced mode.
• .3GR File used in Windows 3.x to display the graphics on later 386, 486 and Pentium computers.
• .4SW 4DOS Swap file

A

• A ADA program file or UNIX library
• .A3W MacroMedia Authorware 3.5 file
• .ABK Autobackup file used with Corel Draw 6 and above.
• .ABR Brush file for Adobe Photoshop
• .ACT Adobe Photoshop Color table file.
• .AD After Dark file.
• .ADF Adapter description files.
• .ADM After Dark screen saver module.
• .ADR After Dark randomizer
• .AI Adobe Illustrator file.
• .AIF Auto Interchange File Format (AIFF) Audio file.
• .ANI Windows 95 / Windows 98 / Windows NT animated mouse cursor file.
• .ANS ANSI text file.
• .ARJ Compressed file can be used with Winzip / Pkzip.
• .ASC ASCII Text file
• .ASF Sort for Advanced Streaming Format, file developed by Microsoft. The .ASF file is generally a movie player and can be open with software such as Windows Media Player.
• .ASP Microsoft FrontPage Active Server Pages. To open these files use your internet browser.
• .AVI Windows Movie file.

B

• .BAK Backup file used for important windows files usually used with the System.ini and the Win.ini.
• .BAS QBasic program and or Visual Basic Module.
• .BAT Batch file that can perform tasks for you in dos, like a macro.
• .BFC Microsoft Windows 95 / Windows 98 Briefcase file.
• .BG Backgammon game file.
• .BIN Translation tables for code pages other than the standard 437.
• .BK2 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BK3 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BK4 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BK5 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BK6 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BK7 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BK8 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BK9 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BMP Graphical Bit Mapped File used in Windows Paintbrush.
• .BNK Sim City Backup
• .BPS Microsoft Works Word Processor File.
• .BPT Corel Draw Bitmap master file
• .BV1 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BV2 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BV3 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BV4 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BV5 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BV6 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BV7 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BV8 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BV9 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file
• .BWP BatteryWatch pro file.

C

• .C C file used with the C programming language.
• .CAB Cabinet file used in Windows 95 and Windows 98 that contains all the windows files and drivers. Information about how to extract a .CAB file can be found on document CH000363.
• .CAL Windows Calendar, Supercalculator4 file or Supercal spreadsheet.
• .CBL COBOL Program File
• .CBT Computer Based Training files.
• .CDA CD Audio Player Track.
• .CDR Corel Draw Vector file.
• .CFB Comptons Multimedia file
• .CFG Configuration file
• .CFL Corel flowchart file
• .CFM Corel FontMaster file / Cold Fusion Template file / Visual dBASE windows customer form
• .CHK Scandisk file which is used to back up information that scandisk has found to be bad, found in C root. Because the information within these files are corrupted or reported as bad by Scandisk it is perfectly fine to delete these files, providing you are currently not missing any information. Additional information about scandisk can be found on our scandisk page.
• .CL Generic LISP source code.
• .CL3 Easy CD Creator layout file.
• .CL4 Easy CD Creator layout file.
• .CLA Java Class file.
• .CLG Disk catalog database
• .CLK Corel R.A.V.E. animation file.
• .CLL Crick software clicker file
• .CLO Cloe image
• .CLP Windows Clipboard / Quattro Pro clip art / Clipper 5 compiler script
• .CLR WinEdit Colorization word list / 1st reader binary color screen image / PhotStyler color definition
• .CLS Visual Basic Class module / C++ Class definition
• .CMD Windows Script File also OS/2 command file.
• .CMV Corel Movie file.
• .CNT Help file (.hlp) Contents (and other file contents)
• .CPL Windows 95 / Windows 98 / Windows NT control panel icons.
• .CNE Configuration file that builds .COM files.
• .CNF Configuration file.
• .COB COBOL source code file.
• .COD FORTRAN Compiler program code
• .COM File that can be executed.
• .CPE Fax cover page file
• .CPI Code Page Information or Microsoft Windows applet control panel file
• .CPP C++ source code file.
• .CRD Windows Card file.
• .CSV Comma-Separated Variable file. Used primary with databases and spreadsheets / Image file used with CopuShow
• .CUR Windows Mouse Cursor.
• .CVS Canvas drawing file
• .CXX C++ program file or Zortech C++ file

D

• .DAT Data file, generally associated or extra data for a program to use.
• .DB Paradox database file / Progress database file
• .DB2 dBase II file
• .DBC Microsoft Visiual Foxpro database container
• .DBF dBase II,III,III+,IV / LotusWorks database.
• .DBK dBase databse backup / Orcad schematic capture backup file
• .DBM Cold Fusion template
• .DBO dBase IV compiled program file
• .DBQ Paradox memo
• .DBT dBase database text file
• .DBV Flexfile memo field file
• .DBW DataBoss database file
• .DBX Database file / DataBeam Image / MS Visual Foxpro Table
• .DEV Device Driver
• .DIF Document Interchange Format; VisiCalc
• .DLL Dynamic Link Library; Allow executable code modules to be loaded on demand, linked at run time, and unloaded when not needed. Windows uses these files to support foreign languages and international/nonstandard keyboards.
• .DMO Demo file
• .DMP Dump file
• .DMD Visual dBASE data module
• .DMF Delusion/XTracker Digital Music File
• .DMO Demo file
• .DMP Dump file
• .DMS Compressed archive file
• .DOC Microsoft Word Windows/DOS / LotusWorks word processor Windows/DOS /PF S:First Choice Windows/DOS DOT MS Word Windows/DOS.
• .DOS Text file and DOS Specification Info
• .DOT Microsoft Word Template (Macro).
• .DRV Device driver files that attach the hardware to Windows. The different drivers are system, keyboard, pointing devices, sound, printer/ plotter, network, communications adapter.
• .DRW Micrografx draw/graph files.
• .DT_ Macintosh Data File Fork
• .DTA Data file
• .DTD SGML Document definition file
• .DTF Q&A database
• .DTM DigiRekker module
• .DTP SecurDesk! Desktop / Timeworks Publisher Text Document / Pressworks Template file
• .DUN Dialup Networking exported file.
• .DX Document Imaging file / Digital data exchange file
• .DXB Drawing interchange binary file
• .DXF Autocad drawing interchange format file
• .DXN Fujitsu dexNet fax document
• .DXR Macromedia director projected movie file
• .DYN Lotus 1-2-3 file
• .DWG AutoCad Drawing Database

E

• .EEB Button bar for Equation Editor in Word Perfect for Windows
• .EFT CHIWRITER high resolution screen characters
• .EGA EGA screen characters for Ventura Publisher
• .ELG Event List text file used with Prosa
• .EMS Enhanced Menu System configuration file for PC Tools
• .EMU IRMA Workstation for Windows emulation
• .ENC ADW Knowledge Ware Encyclopedia
• .END Corel Draw Arrow Definition file
• .ENG Sprint dictionary file engine
• .ENV Word Perfect for Windows environment file.
• .EPG Exported PaGe file used with DynaVox
• .EPS Encapsulated Postscript, with embedded TIFF preview images.
• .EQN Word Perfect for Windows Equation file
• .ERD Entity Relation Diagram graphic file
• .ERM Entity Relation Diagram model file
• .ERR Error log file
• .ESH Extended Shell Batch file
• .EVT Event file scheduler file for PC Tools
• .EX3 Device driver for Harvard graphics 3.0
• .EXC QEMM exclude file from optimization file or Rexx program file
• .EXE Executable file.
• .EXT Extension file for Norton Commander

F

• .FDF Adobe Acrobat Forms Document.
• .FF AGFA CompuGraphics outline font description.
• .FFA Microsoft Fast Find file.
• .FFF GUS PnP bank / defFax fax document
• .FFL Microsoft Fast Find file / PrintMaster Gold form file
• .FFO Microsoft Fast Find file
• .FFT DCA/FFT final form text
• .FFX Microsoft Fast Find file
• .FON Font files to support display and output devices.
• .FR3 dBase IV renamed dBase III+ form
• .FRF FontMonger Font
• .FRG dBase IV uncompiled report
• .FRK Compressed zip file used with Apple Macinotsh computers.
• .FRM Form file used with various programs / Microsoft Visual Basic Form / FrameMaker document / FrameBuilder file / Oracle executable form / Word Perfect Merge form / DataCAD symbol report file
• .FRO dBase IV compiled report / FormFlow file
• .FRP PerForm Pro Plus Form
• .FRS WordPerfect graphics driver
• .FRT FoxPro report file
• .FRX Microsoft Visual basic binary form file / FoxPro report file
• .FRZ FormFlow file

G

• .GIF CompuServe Graphics Interchange Format.
• .GR2 286 grabbers that specify which font to use with DOS and Windows.
• .GR3 386 grabbers that specify which font to use with DOS and Windows.
• .GRA Microsoft Flight simulator graphics file
• .GRB Microsoft MS-DOS shell monitor
• .GRF Micrografx draw/graph files.
• .GRP Microsoft Program Group.
• .GZ Compressed Archive file for GZip

H

• .HBK Mathcad handbook file
• .HDL Procomm Plus alternate download file listing
• .HDR Procomm Plus message header
• .HDX Help index
• .HEX Hex dump
• .HFI GEM HP font info
• .HGL HP graphics language graphic
• .HH C++ Header
• .HHH Precompiled Header for Power C
• .HHP Help data for Procomm Plus
• .HLP Files that contain the Help feature used in windows, cannot be read from DOS.
• .HQX Apple Macintosh Binhex text conversion file.
• .HSQ Data files associated with the Qaz Trojan.
• .HSS Photoshop Hue/Saturation information.
• .HST History file / Procomm Plus History File / Host file.
• .HTA Hypertext Application (run applications from HTML document).
• .HTM Web page files containing HTML or other information found on the Internet.

I

• .ICA Citrix file / IOCA graphics file
• .ICB Targa Bitmap
• .ICC Kodak printer image
• .ICE Archive file
• .ICL Icon library file
• .ICM Image Color Matching profile file
• .ICN Microsoft Windows Icon Manager.
• .ICO Microsoft Windows Icondraw / Icon.
• .ID Disk identification file.
• .IDB Microsoft developer intermediate file, used with Microsoft Visual Studio
• .IDD MIDI instruments definition
• .IDE Integrated Development Environment configuration file
• .IDF MIDI instruments drivers file
• .IDQ Internet data query file
• .IDX Index file
• .IFF IFF/LBM (Amiga) used by Computer Eyes frame grabber.
• .IMG GEM/IMG (Digital Research) or Ventura Publisher bitmap graphic
• .INF Information file that contains customization options.
• .INI Files that initialize Windows and Windows apps.
• .IPF Installer Script File / OS/2 online documentation for Microsoft source files.
• .ISO Compressed file used for an exact duplicate of a CD. .ISO files can be extracted or opened such programs as Win Image that can be found on our shareware download section.
• .IWA IBM Writing Assistant Text file.

J

• .JAS Graphic
• .JPG Graphic commonly used on the Internet and capable of being opened by most modern image editors.
• .JS JavaScript file.
• .JSB Henter-Joyce Jaws script binary file
• .JSD eFAX jet suite document
• .JSE JScript encoded script file
• .JSH Henter-Joyce Jaws script header file
• .JSL PaintShop pro file
• .JSM Henter-Joyce Jaws script message file
• .JSP Java server page
• .JSS Henter-Joyce Jaws script source file
• .JT JT fax file
• .JTF JPEG tagged Interchange format file
• .JTK Sun Java toolkit file
• .JTP JetForm file
• .JW Justwrite text file
• .JWL Justwrite text file library
• .JZZ Jazz spreadsheet

K

• .KAR Karaoke File used with some audio players.

L

• .LGC Program Use Log File (for Windows Program Use Optimization).
• .LGO Contains the code for displaying the screen logo.
• .LOG Contains the process of certain steps, such as when running scandisk it will usually keep a scandisk.log of what occurred.
• .LNK HTML link file used with Microsoft Internet Explorer.
• .LWP Lotus Wordpro 96/97 file.

M

• .MAC Macintosh macpaint files.
• .MBX Microsoft Outlook Express mailbox file.
• .MD Compressed Archive file
• .MDA Microsoft Access Add-in / Microsoft Access 2 Workgroup.
• .MDB Microsoft Access Database / Microsoft Access Application.
• .MDE Microsoft Access Database File
• .MDF Menu definition file
• .MDL Digitrakker Music Module / Rational Rose / Quake model file
• .MDM Telix Modem Definition
• .MDN Microsoft Access Blank Database Template
• .MDP Microsoft Developer Studio Project
• .MDT Microsoft Access Add-in Data
• .MDW Microsoft Access Workgroup Information
• .MDX dBase IV Multiple Index
• .MDZ Microsoft Access Wizard Template
• .MEB WordPerfect Macro Editor bottom overflow file
• .MED WordPerfect Macro Editor delete save / OctaMed tracker module
• .MEM WordPerfect Macro Editor macro / Memory File of variables
• .MID Midi orchestra files that are used to play with midi sounds built within the sound card.
• .MIX Power C object file / Multiplayer Picture file (Microsoft Photodraw 2000 & Microsoft Picture It!) / Command & Conquer Movie/Sound file
• .MOD Winoldap files that support (with grabbers) data exchange between DOS apps and Windows apps.
• .MOV File used with Quick Time to display a move.
• .MP1 MPEG audio stream, layer I
• .MP2 MPEG audio stream, layer II
• .MP3 MPEG audio stream, layer III; High compressed audio files generally used to record audio tracks and store them in a decent sized file available for playback. See our MP3 page for additional information.
• .MPG MPEG movie file.
• .MSN Microsoft Network document / Decent mission file
• .MTF Windows metafile.
• .MTH Derive Math file
• .MTM Sound file / MultiTracker music module
• .MTV Picture file
• .MTW Minitab data file
• .MU Quattro menu
• .MUL Ultima Online game
• .MUP Music publisher file
• .MUS Audio file
• .MVB Database file / Microsoft multimedia viewer file
• .MVE Interplay video file
• .MVF Movie stop frame file
• .MWP Lotus Wordpro 97 smartmaster file
• .MXD ArcInfo map file
• .MXT Microsoft C Datafile
• .MYD Make your point presentation file.

N

• .N64 Nintendo 64 Emulator ROM image.
• .NA2 Netscape Communicator address book.
• .NAB Novell Groupwise address book
• .NAP Napster Music security definition file.
• .NDF NeoPlanet Browser file
• .NDX Indexed file for most databases.
• .NES Nintendo Entertainment system ROM image.
• .NIL Norton guide online documentation
• .NGF Enterasys Networks NetSight file.
• .NHF Nero HFS-CD compilation or a general Nero file
• .NIL Norton icon lybrary file.
• .NLB Oracle 7 data file
• .NLD ATI Radeon video driver file,
• .NMI SwordSearcher file.
• .NON LucasArts Star Wars - Tie fighter mouse options file.
• .NOW Extension commonly used for readme text files.
• .NRA Nero Audio CD file.
• .NRB Nero CD-ROM boot file.
• .NS2 Lotus Notes 2 database,
• .NS5 Lotus Notes Domino file,
• .NSO NetStudio easy web graphics file.
• .NT Windows NT startup file.
• .NUM File used with some Software Manufactures to store technical support numbers or other phone numbers, should be readable from DOS and or Windows.

O

• .OCA Control Typelib Cache.
• .OCX Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) control extension.
• .OLB Object library
• .OLD Used for backups of important files incase they are improperly updated or deleted.
• .OLE Object Linking and Embedding object file
• .OLI Olivetti text file
• .ORI Original file.

P

• .PAB Personal Address Book, file used with Microsoft Outlook.
• .PB WinFax Pro phone book file
• .PBD PowerBuilder dynamic library / Faxit phone book file
• .PBF Turtle Beach Pinnacle bank file
• .PBK Microsoft phonebook file
• .PBL PowerBuilder library file
• .PBM UNIX portable bitmap fuke
• .PBR PowerBuilder resource
• .PBI Profiler binary input file
• .PBM PBM portable bit map graphic
• .PBO Profiler binary output
• .PBT Profiler binary table
• .PCX Microsoft Paint & PC Paintbrush Windows/DOS.
• .PDA Bitmap graphic file
• .PDB TACT data file
• .PDD Adobe PhotoDeluxe Image.
• .PDF Adobe Acrobat Reader file which can only be read by Adobe Acrobat (to get file downloaded Adobe Acrobat from our Download Page.
• .PDL Borland C++ project description language file.
• .PDS Graphic file / Pldasm source code file.
• .PDV Paintbrush printer driver.
• .PDW Professional Draw document.
• .PIC Picture / Viewer Frame Class.
• .PIF Program Information File that configures a DOS app to run efficiently in windows.
• .PJF Paintjet soft font file.
• .PL Harvard palette file / PERL program file
• .PL3 Harvard chart palette
• .PLB Foxpro library / LogoShow Screensaver file
• .PLC Lotus Add-in
• .PLD PLD2 source file
• .PLG REND386 / AVRIL file
• .PLI Oracle 7 data description
• .PLL Prelinked library
• .PLM DisorderTracker2 module
• .PLN WordPerfect spreadsheet file
• .PLR Descent Pilot file
• .PLS WinAmp MPEG playlist file / DisorderTracker 2 Sample file / Shoutcast file / MYOB data file
• .PLT AutoCAD HPGL vector graphic plotter file / Gerber sign-making software file / Betley's CAD Microstation driver configuration for plotting
• .PLY Autodesk polygon
• .PP Compressed archive file.
• .PP4 Picture Publisher.
• .PP5 Picture Publisher.
• .PPA Power Point Add-in.
• .PPB WordPerfect Print preview button bar.
• .PPD PostScript Printer description.
• .PPF Turtle Beach Pinnacle program file.
• .PPI Microsoft PowerPoint graphic file.
• .PPL Harvard (now Serif) Polaroid Palette Plus ColorKey Driver.
• .PPM PBM Portable Pixelmap Graphic.
• .PPO Clipper Preprocessor Output.
• .PPP Serif PagePlus Publication.
• .PPS Microsoft PowerPoint Slideshow.
• .PPT Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.
• .PPX Serif PagePlus publication.
• .PPZ Microsoft PowerPoint Packaged Presentation.
• .PS2 File to support the Micro Channel Architecture in 386 Enhanced mode.
• .PSD Adobe Photoshop image file.
• .PST Post Office Box file used with Microsoft Outlook usually mailbox.pst unless named otherwise.
• .PWA Password agent file.
• .PWD Password file.
• .PWF ProCite Workforms
• .PWL Password file used in Windows 95 and Windows 98 is stored in the Windows directory.
• .PWP Photoworks image file
• .PWZ PowerPoint wizard

Q

• .QIC Windows backup file
• .QT Quick Time Movie File
• .QXD Quark Express file
• .QXL Quark Xpress element library
• .QXT Quark Xpress template file

R

• .RA Real Audio file.
• .RAM Real Audio file.
• .RAR Compressed file similar to .ZIP uses different compression program to extract. See our recommended download page for a program that can be used to extract .RAR files.
• .RAS File extension used for raster graphic files.
• .RD1 Descent registered level file
• .RD3 Ray Dream designer graphics file / CorelDraw 3D file
• .RD4 Ray Dream designer graphics file
• .RD5 Ray Dream designer graphics file
• .RDB TrueVector rules database
• .RDF Resource description framework file / Chromeleon report definition
• .RDL Descent registered level file / RadioDestiny radio stream
• .RDX Reflex data file
• .REC Sound file used with Windows Sound Recorder.
• .RLE Microsoft Windows Run Length Encoded (Run Length Encoded (bitmap format) file that contains the actual screen logo).
• .RMI Microsoft RMID sound file.
• .RPB Automotive diagnostic file.
• .RPD Rapidfile database
• .RPM Red Hat Package Manager / RealMedia Player file.
• .RPT Various Report file
• .RTF Rich Text Format file
• .RWZ Microsoft Outlook rules wizard file

S

• .SAV File that usually contains saved information such as a saved game.
• .SC2 Maps used in Sim City 2000.
• .SCP Dialup Networking script file.
• .SCR Source files for the .INI files, or sometimes may be used as screen savers.
• .SD Sound Designer I audio file
• .SD2 Sound Designer II flattened file / Sound Designer II data fork file / SAS database file
• .SDA StarOffice drawing file / SoftCuisine data archive
• .SDC StarOffice spreadsheet
• .SDD StarOffice presentation
• .SDF Standard data format file / Schedule data file / System file format / Autodesk mapguide spatial data file
• .SDK Roland S-series floppy disk image
• .SDL SmartDraw library
• .SDN Small archive
• .SDR SmartDraw drawing
• .SDS StarOffice chart file / Raw MIDI sample dump standard file
• .SDT SmartDraw template
• .SDV Semicolon divided value file
• .SDW Sun Microsystems StarOffice file document file similar to the Microsoft Office .DOC file.
• .SDX MIDI sample dump standard files compacted by SDX
• .SEA Short for Self Extracting Archive. Compressed file used with the Macintosh.
• .SH Archive file
• .SH3 Harvard (now Serif) presentation file
• .SHB Corel Background file
• .SHG Hotspot Editor Hypergraphic
• .SHK Macintosh Compressed Archive file
• .SHM WordPerfect Shell Macro
• .SHP 3D Studio Shapes File / other 3D related file
• .SHR Archive file
• .SHS Shell scrap object file
• .SHW Corel presentation / WordPerfect Slide Show / Show File
• .SLK Multiplan file.
• .SND Sound Clip file / Raw unsigned PCM data / AKAI MPC-series sample / NeXT sound / Macintosh sound resource file
• .SNG MIDI song
• .SNM Netscape Mail
• .SNO SNOBOL program file
• .SNP Snapview snapshot file
• .SUM Summary file.
• .SWF Macromedia Flash file.
• .SWP Extension used for the Windows Swap File usually Win386.Swp. This file is required by Windows and generally can grow very large in size sometimes up to several hundred megs. This file is used to swap information between currently running programs and or memory. If this file is deleted from the computer Windows will be unable to load and will need to be reinstalled.
• .SYS System and peripheral drivers.

T

• .TDF Trace Definition File used with OS/2
• .TGA Targa file
• .TIF Tag Image Format that includes most 24-bit color.
• .TLB Remote automation truelib files / OLE type library / Visual C++ type library
• .TLD Tellix file
• .TLE NASA two-line element set
• .TLP Microsoft project timeline fie
• .TLT Trellix web design file
• .TLX Trellix data file
• .TMP Temporary files.
• .TRM Windows Terminal.
• .TXT Text file that can be read from windows of from DOS by using the Edit, Type, or Edlin.

U

• .UNI MikMod (UniMod) format file / Forcast Pro data file
• .UNK Unknown file type, sometimes used when a file is received that cannot be identified
• .UNX Text file generally associated with UNIX.
• .URL File used with some browsers such as Internet Explorer linking you to different web pages. Internet Shortcut.

V

• .VB VBScript file
• .VBA vBase file
• .VBD ActiveX file
• .VBE VBScript encoded script file
• .VBG Visual Basic group project file
• .VBK VisualCADD backup file
• .VBL User license control file
• .VBP Visual Basic project file
• .VBR Remote automation registration files
• .VBS Microsoft Visual Basic Script file for quick programs and in some cases can be used as a virus file.
• .VBW Visual Basic project workplace
• .VBX Visual Basic extension file
• .VBZ Wizard launch file
• .VC VisiCalc Spreadsheet file.
• .VCD VisualCADD Drawing file.
• .VCE Natural MicroSystems voice file.
• .VCF vCard File / Vevi Configuration file.
• .VCS Microsoft Outlook vCalander file.
• .VCT FoxPro class library.
• .VCW Microsoft Visual C++ workbench information file.
• .VCX FoxPro class library.
• .VDA Targa bitmap
• .VDD Short for Virtual Device Driver. Additional information can be found here.
• .VDO VDOScript file
• .VDX No such file extension - Likely you meant to .vxd
• .VM Virtual Machine / Virtual Memory file.
• .VMM Virtual Machine (Memory Manager) file.
• .VMF Ventura font characteristics file / FaxWorks audio file
• .VMH
• .VS2 Roland-Bass transfer file.
• .VSD Visio drawing.
• .VSL GetRight download list file.
• .VSS Visio stencil.
• .VST Video Template / Truevision Vista graphic / Targa Bitmap/
• .VSW Visio workspace file.
• .VXD Windows system driver file allowing a driver direct access to the Windows Kernel, allowing for low level access to hardware.

W

• .WAB Microsoft Outlook Express personal address book.
• .WAD File first found in IdSoftware games such as DOOM, Quake, as well as most new games similar to these.
• .WAV Sound files in Windows open and played with sound recorder.
• .WB1 Quattro Pro Notebook
• .WB2 Quattro Pro Spreadsheet
• .WBF Microsoft Windows Batch File
• .WBK Wordperfect document / workbook
• .WBT Winbatch batch file
• .WCD Wordperfect macro token list
• .WCM Microsoft Works data transmission file / Wordperfect Macro
• .WCP Wordperfect product information description
• .WDB Microsoft Works database
• .WEB Web source code file
• .WFM dBASE Form object
• .WFN CorelDRAW font
• .WFX Winfax data file
• .WG1 Lotus 1-2-3 worksheet
• .WG2 Lotus 1-2-3 for OS/2 worksheet
• .WID Ventura publisher width table
• .WIN Foxpro - dBASE window file
• .WIZ Microsoft Publisher page wizard
• .WK1 Lotus 1-2-3 all versions / LotusWorks spreadsheet.
• .WK3 Lotus 1-2-3 for Windows /Lotus 1-2-3 Rel.3.
• .WKS Lotus 1-2-3 Rel lA,2.0,2.01, also file used with Microsoft Works.
• .WLG Dr. Watson log file.
• .WMA Windows Media Audio file.
• .WMF Windows Metafile. Also see WMF dictionary definition.
• .WMZ Windows Media Player theme package file.
• .WPD WordPerfect Windows/DOS.
• .WPG WordPerfect Graphical files Windows/DOS.
• .WPM WordPerfect Macro file.
• .WPS MS Works word processor Windows/DOS.
• .WRI Windows Write.
• .WRK Lotus 1-2 31.0,1.01,1.1/ Symphony 1,1.01.
• .WRI Symphony l.1,1.2,2 / Microsoft Write file.

X

• .XIF Wang image file / Xerox image file
• .XLB Microsoft Excel File.
• .XLS Microsoft Excel File.
• .XM Sound file / Fast tracker 2 extended module
• .XML Extensible markup language file.
• .XNK Exchange shortcut
• .XOT Xnetech job output file
• .XPM X picsmap graphic
• .XQT SuperCalc macro sheet
• .XRF Cross Reference
• .XR1 Epic MegaGames Xargon File
• .XSL XML Style sheet
• .XSM LEXIS-NEXIS tracker
• .XTB LocoScript external translation table
• .XWD X Windows dump file
• .XWF Yamaha XG Works file
• .XXE Xxencoded file
• .XY XYWrite text file
• .XY3 XYWrite text file
• .XY4 XYwrite IV document
• .XYP XYwrite III plus document
• .XYW XYwrite Windows 4.0 document

Y

• .Y Amiga YABBA compressed file archive
• .Y01 Paradox index file
• .Y02 Paradox index file
• .Y03 Paradox index file
• .Y04 Paradox index file
• .Y05 Paradox index file
• .Y06 Paradox index file
• .Y07 Paradox index file
• .Y08 Paradox index file
• .Y09 Paradox index file
• .YUV Yuv graphics file
• .YZ YAC compressed file archive.

Z

• .Z Compressed file that can hold thousands of files. To extract all the files Pkzip or Winzip will need to be used. UNIX / Linux users use the compress / uncompress command to extract these files.
• .ZIP Compressed file that can hold thousands of files. To extract all the files Pkzip or Winzip will need to be used.

Read more!

Keyboard Shortcuts Complete List

General Keyboard Shortcuts

• CTRL+C (Copy)
• CTRL+X (Cut)
• CTRL+V (Paste)
• CTRL+Z (Undo)
• DELETE (Delete)
• SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
• CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
• CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
• F2 key (Rename the selected item)
• CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
• CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
• CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
• CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
• CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
• SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
• CTRL+A (Select all)
• F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
• ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
• ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
• ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
• ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
• CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
• ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
• ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
• F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
• F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
• SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
• ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
• CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
• ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
• Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
• F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
• RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
• LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
• F5 key (Update the active window)
• BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
• ESC (Cancel the current task)
• SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)

Dialog Box Keyboard Shortcuts

• CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
• CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
• TAB (Move forward through the options)
• SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
• ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
• ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
• SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
• Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
• F1 key (Display Help)
• F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
• BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts

• Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
• Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
• Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
• Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
• Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
• Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
• Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
• CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
• Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
• Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
• Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
• Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)

Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts

• Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
• Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
• Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
• SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
• NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
• Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
• Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
• END (Display the bottom of the active window)
• HOME (Display the top of the active window)
• NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
• NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
• NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
• LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
• RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)

Shortcut Keys for Character Map
After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:

• RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
• LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
• UP ARROW (Move up one row)
• DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
• PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
• PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
• HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
• END (Move to the end of the line)
• CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
• CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
• SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)

Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts

• CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
• CTRL+N (Open a new console)
• CTRL+S (Save the open console)
• CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
• CTRL+W (Open a new window)
• F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
• ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
• ALT+F4 (Close the console)
• ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
• ALT+V (Display the View menu)
• ALT+F (Display the File menu)
• ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)
• MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts
• CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
• ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
• SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
• F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
• F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
• CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
• CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
• ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
• F2 key (Rename the selected item)
• CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation

• CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
• ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
• ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
• ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
• ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
• CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
• ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
• CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
• CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

Microsoft Internet Explorer Navigation

• CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
• CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
• CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
• CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
• CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
• CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
• CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
• CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
• CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
• CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
• CTRL+W (Close the current window)

Keyboard Shortcuts Result in Microsoft Word

• CTRL + A (Selects all in the current document.)
• CTRL + B (Bold text.)
• CTRL + C (Copies the item or text to the Clipboard and can be pasted using CTRL and V.)
• CTRL + D (Displays the Font dialogue box.)
• CTRL + E (Centre Alignment.)
• CTRL + F (Displays the Find dialog box, to search the current document.)
• CTRL + G (Displays the Go to dialog box, to go to a specific location in the current document.)
• CTRL + H (Displays the Replace dialogue box.)
• CTRL + I (Italic text.)
• CTRL + J (Full Justification.)
• CTRL + K (Create Hyperlink)
• CTRL + L (Left Alignment)
• CTRL + M (Tab)
• CTRL + N (Creates a new document.)
• CTRL + O (Displays the Open File dialogue box.)
• CTRL + P (Displays the Print dialog box.)
• CTRL + R (Right Alignment.)
• CTRL + S (Displays the Save dialog box.)
• CTRL + U (Underline text)
• CTRL + V (Pastes the copied item or text from the Clipboard into the current position in the document.)
• CTRL + X (Cuts the item or text selected to the Clipboard.)
• CTRL + Y (Redo the last undone action.)
• CTRL + Z (Undoes the last action.)
• CTRL + ENTER (Insert Page Break.)
• CTRL + F2 (Show Print preview.)
• CTRL + F4 (Closes the active document window.)
• CTRL + F6 (Opens the next document window.)

Keyboard Shortcuts Result in Microsoft Word

• F1 key (Get help or use the Office assistant.)
• SHIFT and F1 Key (Context sensitive help.)
• F2 Key (Move text or image.)
• SHIFT + F2 Key Copy Text.)
• F3 Key (Insert an autotext entry.)
• SHIFT + F3 Key Change the case of the selected text.)
• F4 Key (Perform last action again.)
• SHIFT + F4 Key (Perform a Find or Go to action again.)
• F5 Key (Displays the Go to dialogue box, from here you can also Find and Replace.)
• SHIFT + F5 Key (Move to a previous revision.)
• F6 Key (Go to the next frame or pane.)
• SHIFT + F6 Key (Go to the previous frame or pane.)
• F7 Key (Launch the Spell checker.)
• SHIFT + F7 Key (Launch the Thesaurus.)
• F8 Key (Extend the current selection.)
• SHIFT + F8 Key (Shrink the current selection.)
• F9 Key (Update the selected fields.)
• SHIFT + F9 Key (Switch between a field code and it's result.)
• F10 Key (Activate the menu bar.)
• SHIFT + F10 Key (Display a Shortcut Menu. Same as right clicking.)
• F11 Key (Go to the next field.)
• SHIFT + F11 Key (Go to the previous field.)
• F12 Key Save file As, (equivalent to tools menu.)
• SHIFT + F12 Key (Save document, equivalent to tools menu)

Keyboard Shortcuts Result in Excel 2000

• F1 Key Help
• F2 Key Edit current Cell
• F5 Key Goto
• F7 Key Spell Check
• F12 Key Save file as
• CTRL and A Select entire worksheet.
• CTRL and B Toggle Bold Text.
• CTRL and C Copies the item or items selected to the Clipboard and can be pasted using CTRL and V.
• CTRL and F Displays the Find dialog box.
• CTRL and H Displays the Replace dialog box.
• CTRL and I Toggles Italic Text.
• CTRL and N New File.
• CTRL and O Open File.
• CTRL and P Print.
• CTRL and S Save File.
• CTRL and U Toggles Underlined Text.
• CTRL and V Paste the contents of the clipboard.
• CTRL and X Cut the selected item.
• CTRL and Y Redo the last undone action
• CTRL and Z Undoes the last action.
• CTRL and 1 Displays Format Cells Dialogue Box
• CTRL and 5 Toggles Strikethrough Text

Formulas :

• ALT and = Autosum
• ALT and F8 Macros
• CTRL and ; Insert Current Date
• CTRL and : Insert Current Time

Keyboard Shortcuts Result in Excel 2000 - Movement

• Left Arrow One Cell Left (also SHIFT and TAB)
• Right Arrow One Cell Right (also TAB)
• Up Arrow One Cell Up
• Down Arrow One Cell Down
• Home Go to End of row
• CTRL and left Arrow Go to End of Column
• CTRL and Home Go to Top of Worksheet (A1)
• CTRL and End Go to End of Worksheet
• CTRL and PAGE-DOWN Go to Next Worksheet

Keyboard Shortcuts Result in Excel 2000 - Cell Selection

• CTRL and Spacebar Select the entire Column
• SHIFT and Spacebar Select the entire Row
• CTRL and A Select Entire Worksheet
• SHIFT and Left Cursor Select all cells to the left of the active one
• SHIFT and Right Cursor Select all cells to the right of the active one

Windows Shortcuts

Run Commands:

Quote:

• compmgmt.msc - Computer management
• devmgmt.msc - Device manager
• diskmgmt.msc - Disk management
• dfrg.msc - Disk defrag
• eventvwr.msc - Event viewer
• fsmgmt.msc - Shared folders
• gpedit.msc - Group policies
• lusrmgr.msc - Local users and groups
• perfmon.msc - Performance monitor
• rsop.msc - Resultant set of policies
• secpol.msc - Local security settings
• services.msc - Various Services
• msconfig - System Configuration Utility
• regedit - Registry Editor
• msinfo32 _ System Information
• sysedit _ System Edit
• win.ini _ windows loading information(also system.ini)
• winver _ Shows current version of windows
• mailto: _ Opens default email client
• command _ Opens command prompt

Run Commands to access the control panel:

Quote:

• Add/Remove Programs control appwiz.cpl
• Date/Time Properties control timedate.cpl
• Display Properties control desk.cpl
• FindFast control findfast.cpl
• Fonts Folder control fonts
• Internet Properties control inetcpl.cpl
• Keyboard Properties control main.cpl keyboard
• Mouse Properties control main.cpl
• Multimedia Properties control mmsys.cpl
• Network Properties control netcpl.cpl
• Password Properties control password.cpl
• Printers Folder control printers
• Sound Properties control mmsys.cpl sounds
• System Properties control sysdm.cpl

Command Prompt:

Quote:

• ANSI.SYS Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys.
• APPEND Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command.
• ARP Displays, adds, and removes arp information from network devices.
• ASSIGN Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter.
• ASSOC View the file associations.
• AT Schedule a time to execute commands or programs.
• ATMADM Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.
• ATTRIB Display and change file attributes.
• BATCH Recovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file.
• BOOTCFG Recovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, and rebuild the boot.ini
• BREAK Enable / disable CTRL + C feature.
• CACLS View and modify file ACL's.
• CALL Calls a batch file from another batch file.
• CD Changes directories.
• CHCP Supplement the International keyboard and character set information.
• CHDIR Changes directories.
• CHKDSK Check the hard disk drive running FAT for errors.
• CHKNTFS Check the hard disk drive running NTFS for errors.
• CHOICE Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file.
• CLS Clears the screen.
• CMD Opens the command interpreter.
• COLOR Easily change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window.
• COMP Compares files.
• COMPACT Compresses and uncompress files.
• CONTROL Open control panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt.
• CONVERT Convert FAT to NTFS.
• COPY Copy one or more files to an alternate location.
• CTTY Change the computers input/output devices.
• DATE View or change the systems date.
• DEBUG Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings.
• DEFRAG Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs.
• DEL Deletes one or more files.
• DELETE Recovery console command that deletes a file.
• DELTREE Deletes one or more files and/or directories.
• DIR List the contents of one or more directory.
• DISABLE Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.
• DISKCOMP Compare a disk with another disk.
• DISKCOPY Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk.
• DOSKEY Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past.
• DOSSHELL A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users.
• DRIVPARM Enables overwrite of original device drivers.
• ECHO Displays messages and enables and disables echo.
• EDIT View and edit files.
• EDLIN View and edit files.
• EMM386 Load extended Memory Manager.
• ENABLE Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver.
• ENDLOCAL Stops the localization of the environment changes enabled by the setlocal command.
• ERASE Erase files from computer.
• EXIT Exit from the command interpreter.
• EXPAND Expand a M*cros*ft Windows file back to it's original format.
• EXTRACT Extract files from the M*cros*ft Windows cabinets.
• FASTHELP Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them.
• FC Compare files.
• FDISK Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive.
• FIND Search for text within a file.
• FINDSTR Searches for a string of text within a file.
• FIXBOOT Writes a new boot sector.
• FIXMBR Writes a new boot record to a disk drive.
• FOR Boolean used in batch files.
• FORMAT Command to erase and prepare a disk drive.
• FTP Command to connect and operate on a FTP server.
• FTYPE Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations.
• GOTO Moves a batch file to a specific label or location.
• GRAFTABL Show extended characters in graphics mode.
• HELP Display a listing of commands and brief explanation.
• IF Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing.
• IFSHLP.SYS 32-bit file manager.
• IPCONFIG Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values.
• KEYB Change layout of keyboard.
• LABEL Change the label of a disk drive.
• LH Load a device driver in to high memory.
• LISTSVC Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers.
• LOADFIX Load a program above the first 64k.
• LOADHIGH Load a device driver in to high memory.
• LOCK Lock the hard disk drive.
• LOGON Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login.
• MAP Displays the device name of a drive.
• MD Command to create a new directory.
• MEM Display memory on system.
• MKDIR Command to create a new directory.
• MODE Modify the port or display settings.
• MORE Display one page at a time.
• MOVE Move one or more files from one directory to another directory.
• MSAV Early M*cros*ft Virus scanner.
• MSD Diagnostics utility.
• MSCDEX Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM.
• NBTSTAT Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT
• NET Update, fix, or view the network or network settings
• NETSH Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS.
• NETSTAT Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.
• NLSFUNC Load country specific information.
• NSLOOKUP Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.
• PATH View and modify the computers path location.
• PATHPING View and locate locations of network latency.
• PAUSE Command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command.
• PING Test / send information to another network computer or network device.
• POPD Changes to the directory or network path stored by the pushd command.
• POWER Conserve power with computer portables.
• PRINT Prints data to a printer port.
• PROMPT View and change the MS-DOS prompt.
• PUSHD Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at any time.
• QBASIC Open the QBasic.
• RD Removes an empty directory.
• REN Renames a file or directory.
• RENAME Renames a file or directory.
• RMDIR Removes an empty directory.
• ROUTE View and configure windows network route tables.
• RUNAS Enables a user to execute a program on another computer.
• SCANDISK Run the scandisk utility.
• SCANREG Scan registry and recover registry from errors.
• SET Change one variable or string to another.
• SETLOCAL Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else.
• SETVER Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs.
• SHARE Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.
• SHIFT Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.
• SHUTDOWN Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt.
• SMARTDRV Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory.
• SORT Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen.
• START Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt.
• SUBST Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter.
• SWITCHES Remove add functions from MS-DOS.
• SYS Transfer system files to disk drive.
• TELNET Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt.
• TIME View or modify the system time.
• TITLE Change the title of their MS-DOS window.
• TRACERT Visually view a network packets route across a network.
• TREE View a visual tree of the hard disk drive.
• TYPE Display the contents of a file.
• UNDELETE Undelete a file that has been deleted.
• UNFORMAT Unformat a hard disk drive.
• UNLOCK Unlock a disk drive.
• VER Display the version information.
• VERIFY Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been written properly.
• VOL Displays the volume information about the designated drive.
• XCOPY Copy multiple files, directories, and/or drives from one location to another.
• TRUENAME When placed before a file, will display the whole directory in which it exists
• TASKKILL It allows you to kill those unneeded or locked up applications

Windows XP Shortcuts:

Quote:

• ALT+- (ALT+hyphen) Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menu
• ALT+ENTER View properties for the selected item
• ALT+ESC Cycle through items in the order they were opened
• ALT+F4 Close the active item, or quit the active program
• ALT+SPACEBAR Display the System menu for the active window
• ALT+TAB Switch between open items
• ALT+Underlined letter Display the corresponding menu
• BACKSPACE View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer
• CTRL+A Select all
• CTRL+B Bold
• CTRL+C Copy
• CTRL+I Italics
• CTRL+O Open an item
• CTRL+U Underline
• CTRL+V Paste
• CTRL+X Cut
• CTRL+Z Undo
• CTRL+F4 Close the active document
• CTRL while dragging Copy selected item
• CTRL+SHIFT while dragging Create shortcut to selected iteM
• CTRL+RIGHT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word
• CTRL+LEFT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word
• CTRL+DOWN ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph
• CTRL+UP ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph
• SHIFT+DELETE Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin
• ESC Cancel the current task
• F1 Displays Help
• F2 Rename selected item
• F3 Search for a file or folder
• F4 Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer
• F5 Refresh the active window
• F6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
• F10 Activate the menu bar in the active program
• SHIFT+F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
• CTRL+ESC Display the Start menu
• SHIFT+CTRL+ESC Launches Task Manager
• SHIFT when you insert a CD Prevent the CD from automatically playing
• WIN Display or hide the Start menu
• WIN+BREAK Display the System Properties dialog box
• WIN+D Minimizes all Windows and shows the Desktop
• WIN+E Open Windows Explorer
• WIN+F Search for a file or folder
• WIN+F+CTRL Search for computers
• WIN+L Locks the desktop
• WIN+M Minimize or restore all windows
• WIN+R Open the Run dialog box
• WIN+TAB Switch between open items

Windows Explorer Shortcuts:

Quote:

• ALT+SPACEBAR - Display the current window’s system menu
• SHIFT+F10 - Display the item's context menu
• CTRL+ESC - Display the Start menu
• ALT+TAB - Switch to the window you last used
• ALT+F4 - Close the current window or quit
• CTRL+A - Select all items
• CTRL+X - Cut selected item(s)
• CTRL+C - Copy selected item(s)
• CTRL+V - Paste item(s)
• CTRL+Z - Undo last action
• CTRL+(+) - Automatically resize the columns in the right hand pane
• TAB - Move forward through options
• ALT+RIGHT ARROW - Move forward to a previous view
• ALT+LEFT ARROW - Move backward to a previous view
• SHIFT+DELETE - Delete an item immediately
• BACKSPACE - View the folder one level up
• ALT+ENTER - View an item’s properties
• F10 - Activate the menu bar in programs
• F6 - Switch between left and right panes
• F5 - Refresh window contents
• F3 - Display Find application
• F2 - Rename selected item

Internet Explorer Shortcuts:

Quote:

• CTRL+A - Select all items on the current page
• CTRL+D - Add the current page to your Favorites
• CTRL+E - Open the Search bar
• CTRL+F - Find on this page
• CTRL+H - Open the History bar
• CTRL+I - Open the Favorites bar
• CTRL+N - Open a new window
• CTRL+O - Go to a new location
• CTRL+P - Print the current page or active frame
• CTRL+S - Save the current page
• CTRL+W - Close current browser window
• CTRL+ENTER - Adds the http://www. (url) .com
• SHIFT+CLICK - Open link in new window
• BACKSPACE - Go to the previous page
• ALT+HOME - Go to your Home page
• HOME - Move to the beginning of a document
• TAB - Move forward through items on a page
• END - Move to the end of a document
• ESC - Stop downloading a page
• F11 - Toggle full-screen view
• F5 - Refresh the current page
• F4 - Display list of typed addresses
• F6 - Change Address bar and page focus
• ALT+RIGHT ARROW - Go to the next page
• SHIFT+CTRL+TAB - Move back between frames
• SHIFT+F10 - Display a shortcut menu for a link
• SHIFT+TAB - Move back through the items on a page
• CTRL+TAB - Move forward between frames
• CTRL+C - Copy selected items to the clipboard
• CTRL+V - Insert contents of the clipboard
• ENTER - Activate a selected link
• HOME - Move to the beginning of a document
• END - Move to the end of a document
• F1 - Display Internet Explorer Help

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